Computer hardware.

Q1. what is computer? 

•  A computer is  an electronic device that can perform orthometric and logical operation practically in a very short time with high precision of accuracy.
• computer can be classified:-
• 

 

• Hardware
• software.

       1. Hardware :- A computer hardware consist of all the electronics & electro mechanical devices that comprise the physical entity of                                                               device for Ex :- Motherboard, CPU, Ram & Connector etc.

       2. Software :- A computer software consist of all documentation, languages, and programs that perform various processing task.

       3. Computer software can be classified 

 

• Application software :-design to perform a specific task. for ex :- MS word , tally, V/C media, player etc.
• System software :- I provide the interface between the computer hardware and computer user. for Ex:- all type of operating system.
• Utility software :- Provide the utility to mange software. for Ex:- file manger, Disk manger, Antivirus program etc.

                 So its a basic knowledge of computer system now I started a mean pointer is called :-

                                                                                     Topic :-1 Hardware :-

Q1. what is mean by hardware ?

Ans :- A computer hardware consists of all the different is electronics & electro mechanical devices that comprise the physical entity of device.

Q2. What is mean by PS/2

Ans:- PS/2 stand for ” personal system 2″ developed by ‘IBM’ its have 6 pin port used to connect ps/2 key bord & mouse.

• Green wire for mouse .
• violet wire for key board but now days both wire are combined.

Q3. what is a work of serial port/ com port /D9/RS232 :-

Ans:- IT is a 9 pins male connector used to connect printer/ computer controlling devices & router /switch for manage.

Q4. Parallel port / LPT (line printer terminal)/IEEE1284 port ?

Ans :- It have 25 pins and magenta color used to connect DMP (Dot matrix printer).

 

   

                  1.Graphics port :-

• VGA:- IT called (video graphic array ) :- its have 15 pins and blue in color used to connect monitor and other distal devices.

• DVI :- IT called (Digital visual Interface ) :- its used for HD graphic and 24 pins connector.

• HDMI :- IT called ( High definition multimedia interface ) :- its used for HD video and audio also in HDMI cable 19 weir wrapped in a single cable.

• Note :- VGA & DVI port do not support audio but HDMI port can give power for audio as well as video.

• LAN port :- IT called ( Local Area Network):- its has 8 pins to connect computer to computer laptop and other networking device (HUB, Switch , Router etc.) in this port we connect a ethernet cable through RJ-45 connecter.  (RJ- 45 full from :- Registered jack -45).

• USB port :- ITs called (Universal Seral Bus Port ) :- IT have 4 pins port used to data transfer purpose it is also called charring port used to connect a key board , Mouse , printer, and external storage device(Such as pen drive, external HDD / SST).

• According structure USB  can be classified :-

1. USB -A —— Computer /laptop.

2. USB -B —— Printer.                                                                                                     

3. USB -C —— Laptop / palmtop / Mobile (19 pins port )

4. Min USB ——Mobile device. 

5. Micro USB ——Mp4 player and other device.

• According data  transfer rate USB can be classified :- USB version —- data transfer rate  ( in MBPS) mega bit per second (MBPS)

1. USB 1.0 —- 1.5 mbps.

2. USB 1.1 —– 1.2 mbps.

3. USB 2.0 —–480 mbps.

4. USB 3.0 —– 5000 mbps.      BLACK.

5. USB 3.1 —— 10000 mbps.   BLUE.

                                                                     Topic :-2  Processor  :-

1. Processor / CPU/ SOC/System on chip) :-  A microprocessor is a multipurpose programable by device that accepts data from storge device called memory, processor that data and provide the output result according given to a good instructions.
2. CPU :- A CPU stand for central processing unit , whole microprocess build into a single chip called C.P.U.
3. The leading manufacture of process are :-

• Intec (integrated electronics).
• AMD (Advance micro device).
• Motorola.
• Cyrix(now via).

4. Factors on which processor performance depends:-

• Clock speed :- It is measured in GHz (Giga Hertz) the number of intruction carry in one second.
• Cache memory :- It is very fast and expensive memory it work as a bridge between from and processor.
• There are many level of cache memory :-
• L1 Cache.
• L2 Cache.
• L3 Cache.

5. FSB (front side bus ):- It is measured in MHz (Mega hertz ) it is a communication path between the ram & processor now days FSB replaced by’ QPI ‘:- (Quick path inter connect) FSB speeds :- 400MT/s to 1066 MT /S. 

6.Intel’s processer name :-

• Pentium – III
• CECE Ron
• Pentium -IV
• Pentium –IV (H.T ) – Hyperthreading.
• Dual core.
• Core 2 DOU
• Core 2 QUAD
• Core – i-3 / i-5 /i-7 /i-9.
• now days 14th generation is available in market ( Hill date).

                                                             Topic :-3 Heat sink :- 

1. Heat sink :- It is a metallic structure which emits heat.

     Q2.There are two type of heat sink :-       

1. Active heat sink :- This heat sink which have fan installed is known as Active heat sink.
2. Passive heat sink :- Passive heat sink do not have a fan or other means of moving warm air away from the heat sink.
3.  CPU Socket / Processor Socket :- on which we mount the processor is called C.P.U Socket.

    Q3.  They are two type of C.P.U Socket :-

1. LIF :- ( Low insertion force) :- A type of socket the processor is inserted into the socket designed for low insertion of ( land grid array (LGA)  chips).
2. ZIF :- (Zero insertion force ) :- A type of socket designed for easy insertion of ( pin grid array (PGA)chips) .

      Q4. Processor  Socket No. ———————————- Processor.

1. PGA 370—- intel pentium-III/ecle.
2. PGA 478B—- Pentium-IV
3. LGA 775/Socket-T– Dual core,core 2 Duo, core 2.
4. LGA 1156 —— core i-3/ core i5 / core i7 (1st generation).
5. LGA 1155 —– core i-3/ core i5 / core i7 (2nd & 3rd generation).             
6. LGA 1151 —— core i-3/ core i5 / core i7 (4th & 5th generation).
7. LGA 1150 —– core i-3/ core i5 / core i7 (6th & 7th generation).
8. LGA 1200 —– Latest.
9. Full from of processor.
10. PGA :- Pin grid Array.
11. LGA :– Land grid Array.
12. BGA :- Ball grid Array.

 Q5. Processor Socket intel.

           

AMD Processor Socket:-

• AMD Processor :-

• AMD ATHLON
• AMDATHLON
• AMD DURON
• AMD Sempron
• AMD Ryzen.

AMD Full from :- Advance micro- devices. 

                                                                                 Topic 4 :- RAM :-

The full of RAM is Random Access Memory 

Q1. How many type are memory ?

Ans  They are three types of memory.                                                                         

• Semiconductor memory.
• Optical memory.
• Magnetic memory.

1. Semiconductor memory :-  Ram -(Volatile memory) and Rom – (Non-Volatile memory).
2. Optical Memory :- (i) CD ( Compact disc ) 700 MB. (ii) DVD (Digital versatile disc) 4.7 GB and (iii) BD ( Blue disc ) (25 – 50 GB).
3. Magnetic memory :-   (i) HDD( hard disc drive). (ii) DAT (Digital audio type. (iii) Floppy disc ,etc.

• Semi- conduction memory:– This memory made by semi- conductor devices ( transistor, diode etc). Semi- conductor memory divided into two parts:-

1. Volatile memory:– Volatile memory is that when the power is turn off, data is vanish out. Ex :- RAM.
2. Non- Volatile memory :- A Non- Volatile memory data is reminded started when the power is turn- off e.g. ROM.

•  ROM can be classified:-

1. P-ROM :- Programmable read only memory.
2. E-PROM :- Erasble Programmable read only memory.
3. EE-PROM :- Electrically Erasble Programmable read only memory.

• RAM can be classified into two types:-

1. SRAM :- Static Random access memory.
2. DRAM :- Dynamic Random access memory.

• Specification of DRM :-

1. Type :- SIMM (Single intine memory module).
2. DIMM :- (Dual intine memory module).

• Operating Voltage.
• Speed of Ram.
• No.of cuts.
• No.of pins.

1. Types of DRAM :-

• SD-RAM :- Synchronous dynamic random access memory.
• DDR :- Double data rate.
• RD-RAM :- Rambus dynamic random access memory.